E-PRIMBON PART II

1. GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT &
CONGRATULATION
Gratitude, Compliment and Congratulation
 Gratitude
Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people, when speaking English, you say “thanks” very often please say “thank you” when people give you something and give you compliment, etc.
Thanking
- Thank you very much
- Thank you for you help
- I’m really very grateful to you
- You’re welcome
- Don’t mention it
- I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)

 Compliment
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliment to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example :
- On his/her general appearance
- If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
- When you visit someone’s house for the first time
- When other people do their best
Complimenting
- What a nice dress!
- You look great
- I really must express my admiration for you dance
- Excellent!
- Nice work
- Good Job

 Congratulation
Congratulation is an expression that we use the give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something
- Congratulation
- Congratulations
- Congratulations on your succeeds
- Happy Birthday
- Merry Christmas
- Happy New Your
- Happy Valentine
- Happy Anniversary
Responding Someone’s Expression
What is the response if someone congratulates you?
- What do you if someone gives you a compliment : “congratulation!” you say” thank you, that’s very land of you”
is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something- Congratulation
Responding The Expressions
What is your response?
- How was your meeting?
- How was your party?

A. Giving The Congratulation
- Let me congratulate you
- Good
- That’s great!
- How fortunate
- Pretty Good
B. Replying To The Congratulations
- Thank You
- Thank, I needed that
- That’s very kind of you
C. Surprising
- Oh, it was very interesting! I want to the sea world
- It was fun! Went out with my classmate

Read carefully the dialogue below then practice with your friends
Rosa : How was your school party, Zenny?
Alia : It was fun! We sony song and danced


2. SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS
Surprise and Disbeliefs
To express surprise!
- What a surprise!
- (Well), that’s very surprising!
- Really?
- What
- Are you serious? You must be joking!
- You’re kidding!
- Fancy that!
- I must say … surprises me
- I find that hard to believe
Example of expressing surprise
A : I can’t believe it!
B : That’s true
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
- Do you know what
- Believe it or not
- You may not believe it, but
- Can you believe this?
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expression :
- Really?
- Are you joking?
- Oh?
- Where? Show me

3. INVITATION (WRITTEN)

Invitation
To invite someone

• I would like you to …
• We would be pleased if you could …
• Would you like to …?
• Shall we …?
• How about …?

To accept an invitation

• Thank you. Yes, I would like to …
• Yes, I would. Thanks.
• That would be very nice. Thank you.
• All right!
• O.K.!

To refuse/decline an invitation

• I would love to, but …
• That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
• That’s very kind of you, but …
• Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.

4. ASKING FOR INFORMATION
Asking for Information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:
• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...
• Could you find out...?
• I'm interested in...
• I'm looking for..
These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
• I'm calling to find out...
• I'm calling about...

5. NARRATIVE TEXT
Narrative text

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/ non fiction/ tales/ folktales/ fables/ myths/ epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Generic Structure
- Orientation
- Complication
- Resolution
 Orientation : It is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened
 Evaluation : Is optional; it is usually used to make the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can here more than one complication.
 Resolution : It is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written
 Coda : It is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life
Example : The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.

6. MODALS IN THE PAST FORM
Modal in The past Form
Present Past
Can Could WillWouldShallShouldMayMight 1. Could + Verb base
- To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example :
Doraemon : Oh no! left my short’s
Nobita : Don’t wori, Dora you could borrow my shorts
- To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now
Example :
Ruther : Ton, can you climb the aple trees
Tony : Well … I could climb apple tree when I was so young. But I thing I’m to heavy to climb it
- To Express polite requests
Example :
Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door
Could you pass the salt
2. Would + Verb base
- For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example :
When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend
- Insert rather into the pattern and use this expressions to express preferences
Example :
Angga : Ehich country would you rather visit?
Maria : I Would rather visit Tara than somelia
- To express polite requests
Example :
Budi : Would you mind cycling with me, Nada?
Nada : No, not at all. It would be nice
3. Should + Verb base
- To give definite advice (advisability)
Example :
Derby : You should paint your door, Romeo. It looks terrible
Romeo : Yes, I know I should
4. Might + Verb base
- To tell possibilities
Exmple :
David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina
- To express polite requests
Example :
Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Chris : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Danny for week sand I don’t know when he‘ll return it

7. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct and Indirect speech
Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)
We use quotation marks (“__________”) and it should be world for word

For Example :
Nicky said, “it’s hot
Or
“it’s hot, “Nicky said”

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word

Indirect Speech is sometimes called reported speech

The tense usually changes when reporting speech this is because we are usually talking about a time in the post and obviously the person who spoke or ginally spoke in the past.

Remember
The changing of tenses
Direct speech Indirect speech Present continousPast continousSimple present tenseSimple pastSimple past Past perfect Present perfectPast perfectPresent futurePast futureModals Can
May
must Modals
Could
Might
Had to The verbs there fore usually have to be in the fast too
- Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sent are : Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind
- Don’t forget to mention the indirect object father warned me motto drive fast
- When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by that–clause?
Example : My mother said that she got up at 5 O’clock
- When reporting verbs is in the present, present perfect, or future, there is no change of tense in the words reported
Example :
- She will tell you
- She has just haid

Time signal
Direct Indirect Now Today
Tonight
Yesterday
....ago
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Here
This
These Then
That day
That night
The day before
The night before
..............before
The folowing day
There
That
those Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions the reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.


8. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Descriptive Text
13:32 | Posted by SaAdaH e_PrimBone
The aim of descriptive text : to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure
- Identification : Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described
- Description : Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features :
- Who? What?
- Using lingking verb and simple present tense
- Epithet : adjective or adjective phrase
- Attributive (the)
- Use of attributive and identifying process

Example Of Descriptive Text :
Identification
My PETS
We have three family pets : a dog, a cat, and a tortoise
Descriptions
- The Dogs name is Benjamin. He is golden lambrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep bubt the yare fun to play with
- Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white for and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
- The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him



9. INTRODUCTORY IT
Introductory It

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
 It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
 It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
 It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
 It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
 It is dangerous to play with fire.
 It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.
 To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
 To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
 To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)

When the subject is a gerund phrase
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’
 It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the anager won’t be any good.)
 It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
 Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good)
 It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)
Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.
It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?

10. NEWS ITEM
News Item

News Item: is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:
± Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

± Generally using Simple Past Tense

± Use of Material Processes to retell the event

± Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.

± Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell

± Focus on Circumstances

± Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.

Example: Town ‘Contaminated’

Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.

2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used

Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004

Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.

3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.

Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis

Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.

4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.

Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.

5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Example: More earthquakes in Japan.

Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan.

11. FINITE VERBS
A finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.Every grammatically correct sentence or clouse must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like thanks for you help! Has an interjection where it could have a subject and a fibite verb form compare I appreciate your help!
A verb is a world that expression an occurrence, act, or made, of being, finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.

Verb forms that are not finite include the infinite
Participles (e.g, the broken window..!, The wheezing gentleman…”)

Gerunds and gerundives
English has three kinds of verbals : participles, which function as adjectives, which have noun-like, adjective –like, and adverb-like functions each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in farming the perfect aspect (to have done).

Other kinds of verbals, such as gerunds and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example :
The Finite verbs are the under lived work

THE CROWN AND THE FOX
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese she picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it. (…)


12. NOUN PHRASES
Noun Phrase

A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.
For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example : Passing the exam watching TV


13. SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple Future

The definition of future tense
The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.
The simple future is used :
 to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]
Examples:
 You will help him later.
 Will you help him later?
 You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Examples:
 You are going to meet Sarry tonight.
 Are you going to meet Sarry tonight?
 You are not going to meet Sarry tonight.

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:

 I will send you the information when I get it.
 I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
 Will you help me move this heavy table?
 Will you make dinner?
 I will not do your homework for you.
 I won't do all the housework myself!
 I'm really hungry.
 I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.

A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
 I will call you when I arrive.
 If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
 I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
 Don't worry, I'll be careful.
 I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
 He is going to spend his vacation in India.
 She is not going to spend her vacation in India.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 7 PM.
 I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
 Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
 They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
 Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make Jono's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make Jono's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
 The year 2223 will be a very interesting year.
 The year 2223 is going to be a very interesting year.
 Anne Smith will be the next President.
 Anne Smith is going to be the next President.
 The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
 The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
 When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
 When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
 You will never help him.
 Will you ever help him?
 You are never going to meet Jane.
 Are you ever going to meet Jane?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
 John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
 The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
 Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
 A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive

The Formula with verb sentence :
• Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
• Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object
Example :
 nhiya will visit tokyo(+)
 Kajol will not visit India(-)
 Will shasya visit china? (?)

• The formula with nominal sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement


14. OFFERING

Offering


The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Nia : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr, Owyedz?
Mrs. Owyendz: Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Nia : thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it
• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
• Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
• Want some?
• Have some?
• Chocolate?
• Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don't you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?
Declining an offering
• No, thanks.
• No, really won't, thanks
• Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
• Thank you.
• Yes, please
• I'd like it very much
• That would be very nice

15. ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT
Asking if someone remember or not

Formal expressions:
 I wonder if you remember.....
 You remember...., don’t you?
 You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
 Don’t you remember.....?
 Do you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:
 Let me think, yes, I remember.
 I remember especially the scenery.
 I’ll never forget that
 I’ll always remember.
 I can remember it clearly.
Informal expressions:
 Remember the old house we used to live in?
 Remember that?
 I’m sorry I don’t remember
Ways to respond:
 Hold on. Yes, got it!
 I know.....
 It’s coming back to me now.
Respond if you forget:
 Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
 I’m affraid I forget.
 I really can’t remember.
 I’m afraid I have no memory of him
 Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
 Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
Example..
It was Sunday morning, wati got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Wati : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Wati : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !


16. PASSIVE VOICE
PaSSive voice

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:
• The boy are listening to a story.
• The story was being told by grandfather.
• Snow white eats a poisonous apple
• A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white
• Snow white is eating a poisonous apple
• A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white
• Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple
• A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white
• Snow white ate a poisonous apple
• A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white
• Snow white was eating a poisonous apple
• A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white
• Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple
• A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white
• Snow white will eat a poisonous apple
• A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white
• Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple
• A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white
• Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple
• A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white

17. VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE
Vocabs around the hOuse


Other Rooms
Attic People store things in the attic.
Ballroom A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room A small room used for storage.
Cellar Underneath the house.
Cloakroom A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room A room where people eat.
Drawing Room A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall The entrance passage to a house.
Larder A small room used for the storage of food.
Library A room where books are kept.
Lounge Another name for living room.
Music Room A room where people play music.
Office A room where people work.
Pantry A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room Another name for living room.
Spare Room/
Guest Room A room where guests sleep.
Toilet A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.


Things you may find around the house










18. PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
We use:
• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

Look at these examples:
at in on
PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock In May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
At dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve


• I have a meeting at 9am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression Example at nightThe stars shine at night.at the weekendI don't usually work at the weekend. at Christmas/EasterI stay with my family at Christmas.at the same timeWe finished the test at the same time. at presentHe's not home at present. Try later.Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
In On in the morningon Tuesday morningin the morningson Saturday mornings in the afternoon(s)On Sunday afternoonsin the evening(s)on Monday evening When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on. • I went to London last June. (not in last June)
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

E'Primbon

Contents

Greetings

Narrative Text

Procedur Text

Announcement

Example of Announcement

Advertisement

Example of Advertisement

Recount Text

Invitation

Expressing Sympathy

Expressing Happiness

1. Greetings

Definition : An illustrated, folded card featuring an expression of friendship or other sentiment.

Function : To say when people meet each other.

Types :

· Based on Function : Formal and Informal.

· Based on The Form : Photo, Musical, Standard.

Examples of Greetings

Greetings	Responds
Ø Good Morning! Ø How nice to meet you! Ø How are you?	Ø Good Morning! Ø How nice to meet you! Ø I’m fine thank’s.

2. Narrative Text

Definition : A piece of writing that tells a story. The story can be imaginary or based on a real events.

Function : To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narrativaes can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinion.

Generic Structure :

· TITLE

· Orientation : This part presents the setting of the story and introduces the characters incolved.

· Complication : A crisis arises.

· Resolution : The problems starts to get resolved.

· Moral Value : The message of the story.

Kinds of Narrative Text:

· Short Stories;

· Folklores;

· Legends;

· Fables;

· Myths; etc.

Features:

· Characters with defined personalities / identities.

· Dialogue often include tense may change to the present or the future.

· Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.

Temporal Conjuction In Narrative Text:

· Once upon a time;

· After;

· Before;

· A long time ago; etc.

3. Procedure Text

Definition : Procedure is consist of a set of instruction or direction (arahan) to show steps or stages (tahapan).

Function : To explain how something can be done.

Generic Structures :

· Aim / Goal: Tujuan (Pirpose in title)

· Ingredients / Materials: Bahan-bahan (Utensils)

· Steps / How to make / Directons

4. Announcement

Definition : Something said, written or printed to make know what has happened or what will happen.

Characteristic :

· Giving information to public;

· Using clear instruction;

· Generally in short form.

Generic Structures :

· The title / type of event;

· Date / time, place;

· Contact Person.

Kinds of Announcement :

· Birth Personal;

· School Announcement; etc.

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5. Advertisement

Definiton :

· Form of communication to persuade (membujuk, meyakinkan) someone to buy the product.

· The information persuade and mature people so that attracted to service and things that offer.

Kinds of Advertisement :

· Adv. Of product (thing / service)

· Adv. Of Place, job, vacancy, etc.

Media of Advertisement:

· By Televition;

· Radio;

· Billboard;

· Leaflet;

· Pamflet; etc.

Function of Advertisement :

· Promotion;

· Communication;

· Information.

In making an advertisement, keep the following points :

· The contests of advertisement musy objective and honest.

· Short and clear.

· Doesn’t allude other group of producer.

· Use word that polite and logical.

· Attact attention.

6. Recount Text

Definition : to retell something in detail.

Function : to informing or entertaining.

Generic Structure

a. Orientation : who/ what/ where/ when/ why.

b. Events : it’s about who was involved, what happened, where this event took place when it happened.

c. Re-Orientation : the conclusion of the experience.

Significant Grammar Features :

a. Focus on individual participants.

b. Use of material process.

c. Circumstances of theme and places.

d. Use of the part tense.

Example of Recount Text

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7. Invitation

Definition : tell something to invite someone by letter, sms, etc. To give correct information about the ceremony.

Function : to invite someone to come to the ceremony.

Kinds of invitation :

a. Wedding

b. Birthday

c. Anniversary

d. Seminar

e. Graduation ceremony ( acara ceremony )

Example of invitation

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8. EXPRESSING SYMPATHY

Definition : expressing sympathy is the expression to extend if we care about something.

Purpose : the peoples will know if we care with them. The expression of sympathy expressions can be devided into two parts ( informal and formal ).

Examples :

1. I’m sorry to hear that!

2. I;d like to express my deepest condolences!

3. Oh.... dear.

4. Poor thing!

5. That’s pity!

9. EXPRESSING HAPPINESS

Expressing happiness is the expressing to show our happiness or our pleasures.

Examples of Expressing Happiness:

1. Wonderful !

2. Amazing !

3. Fantastic !

4. Happy Birthday !

5. Happy Anniversary !

6. I’m very happy !

Examples of Responding Happiness:

1. Thank you ! ( with smile )

2. Thank’s a lot ! (with smile )

3. Thank you for your attention !

4. Thank’s so much !

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10. Appointment

Making an appointment : the word is used to show ability do something ( are like someone will give somethhing, help, come )

Making an appointment:

1. I’d like you to come and see me...

2. I’d like you to come and see me...

Accepting an appointment :

1. All right, see you there.

2. No, problem, I’m free on...

3. It’s a deal.

Cancelling an appointment:

1. I’m sorry. I’m very busy.

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11. WRITING

Definition: art of forming letters and characters on paper, wood, stone or other ,materials.

The purpose of writing is an idea to communicating the peoples about something by interest sign.

Kinds of writing:

1. A pamphlet

2. A book

3. A literaty production

Examples of writing:

“ I am a little pencil in the hand of writing God who is sending a love letter to the world. “ ( by Mother Teresa )

12. READING

Definition of reading :

a. Learning to read means learning to pronounce word.

b. Learning to read means learning to identify words and get their meaning.

c. Learning to read means learning to bring meaning to a text in order to get meaning from it.

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